The most commonly used drum heads for Brazilian drums are skin, nylon, and napa. Skin (goat) is the traditional head used on surdos, alfaia, tantan, repique de anel, pandeiro, cuica, and tamborim.
Nylon can be used in place of skin on most instruments. It is less affected by weather and humidity, and can be more durable and affordable.
Napa is a special type of two-ply head, with a layer of synthetic fabric on top of a nylon head. This muffles attack and overtones and emphasizes the bass fundamental. It is commonly used on surdos, zabumbas, and tantans.
